The first 5GB will be included, and every GB above that will be charged for. The account limit is TB
The first 5GB will be included, and every GB above that will be charged for. The account limit is TBD but likely > 100GB to start.
PI am new to both d1 and sql, so this may be a dumb question:
How do I insert a double quote into the table? For example, when I insert 'test', my code works, but when I insert 'test " ' my code doesn't work. I'm not sure what is going on.
How do I insert a double quote into the table? For example, when I insert 'test', my code works, but when I insert 'test " ' my code doesn't work. I'm not sure what is going on.
PI was able to solve this problem by replacing all occurances of " (double quote) with '' (two single quotes, but one escapes the other so it ends up as ' in the table). It doesn't matter to me whether ' or " is used so this solution works for me, but I am still curious to know why double quotes do not work if anyone has an answer.
UAre you using bind?
MShow how you are inserting data (code? Wrangler CLI?)
PI was just using javascript and the api to test it out. This isn't the actual table and values I was using, I just made this as an example (ignore the italics, that was discord):
sql = `INSERT INTO tablename (itemOne, itemTwo) VALUES ('test one', 'test " two')`
const options = {
method: 'POST',
headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json', Authorization: 'Bearer __'},
body: `{"sql":"${sql}"}`
};
fetch('https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/___/d1/database/___/query', options)
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {console.log(response)})
.catch(err => console.error(err));
sql = `INSERT INTO tablename (itemOne, itemTwo) VALUES ('test one', 'test " two')`
const options = {
method: 'POST',
headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json', Authorization: 'Bearer __'},
body: `{"sql":"${sql}"}`
};
fetch('https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/___/d1/database/___/query', options)
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {console.log(response)})
.catch(err => console.error(err));
Pthank you so much, that worked perfectly
C
I think I'm answering my own question here, but thought I'd share my rubber-ducking journey… How can I understand the
rows_written_24h value from wrangler d1 info?I've got a worker, which inserts a single row every 5 minutes, so basically 288 times per day. But I have these stats:
The database has a single table with 8 columns: 3 added in the initial create table migration, and 5 added via another migration. But as mentioned, I only write one row at a time, and have no other inserts/updates/deletes. There are no indices on the table.
The table only has ~1830 rows so far, so I don't know how I could have 8565 writes today alone.
However, looking at the dashboard metrics graph, spikes in rows written appear to correlate with spikes in rows read…My one query is basically
SELECT * FROM x ORDER BY timestamp DESC LIMIT y — is there some sort of temporary table being created behind the scenes that gets written to?Looking at the
EXPLAIN for this query, I see OpenEphemeral being called which creates a transient table. Or more simply by using EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN, it shows USE TEMP B-TREE FOR ORDER BY.So I guess we're billed for writes to ephemeral in-memory tables created during the execution of a query?
Anyway, predictably, adding an index on
timestamp removes the b-tree usage. Though sadly miniflare doesn't support rows_read and rows_written in metaBefore:
After adding an index:
(so in addition to eliminating "writes", the index avoids reading the rows twice: from the original table, and then the temp table
)
KTemporary tables will incur reads/writes, yes.
CThanks for the confirmation.
Being billed for writes to temporary in-memory tables was a surprise to me, and so could perhaps be more clearly documented, since I couldn't find it mentioned, and had to go on this little journey of discovery.
The nearest I could find is the pricing page:
I would say I didn't write any rows to my D1 database… but somebody could argue that, at some level, there were rows written (to memory) in the context of my database. Either way, this would be a good place to add this information.
Anyway, I'm grateful that we have the metrics and the metadata to quite clearly see how individual queries work (though again, not on miniflare). Plus ultimately this led to me fixing my lazy schema and query, reducing the (potential) bill and increasing performance!
Being billed for writes to temporary in-memory tables was a surprise to me, and so could perhaps be more clearly documented, since I couldn't find it mentioned, and had to go on this little journey of discovery.
The nearest I could find is the pricing page:
Rows written measure how many rows were written to D1 database.
I would say I didn't write any rows to my D1 database… but somebody could argue that, at some level, there were rows written (to memory) in the context of my database. Either way, this would be a good place to add this information.
Anyway, I'm grateful that we have the metrics and the metadata to quite clearly see how individual queries work (though again, not on miniflare). Plus ultimately this led to me fixing my lazy schema and query, reducing the (potential) bill and increasing performance!
KI'm surprised that Miniflare doesn't show it.
KThat should probably be fixed/improved so you don't need a 2nd DB, or to tinker with a production DB.
CThis is what I see in the
metaYeah, I can see they're not included. I suspect it needs updating to use the counters that were made available by https://github.com/cloudflare/workerd/pull/979, which I assume D1 itself uses.
KI guess there's two issues here:
KThe documentation needs updating to talk about, probably just under Definitions, that temporary tables incur reads/writes. It might be worth a page/section dedicated to optimising for cost, which is covered here and there by the 'use indexes' sections but not as far as temporary tables.
Miniflare needs updating to match the
Miniflare needs updating to match the
meta
JQuestion: After the beta phase, will the database size limit be removed, or is there an option to lift the size restriction by making a payment?
UThere will still be size limits per database and you will need to use sharping to grow it larger. There’s also an account storage limit that you’d just request an increase on an as needed basis
Scan you guys compare sqllight with duckdb too https://duckdb.org/ duckdb might be a better option for D1!
DuckDB
DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP database management system. Simple, feature-rich, fast & open source.
KIt's only two lines to add in the
rows_written and rows_read into Miniflare so I've opened an issue for it.
ID1 has already had a lot of development work put into it, including integrating it into the Cloudflare runtime, so I highly doubt they'd switch at this point 
IAlso an OLAP database has very different goals than a transactional database
HReally useful message. I knew my D1 database was missing an index on a few new queries I "forgot", or rather was too lazy, to add yet. I added the index without any changes to the worker that runs the queries and you can definitely see where it took effect and how big of an effect it had. It made me think of how expensive this would be and how a simple index drops costs. It would have cost me over $240,000 as in really over 240 thousand dollars a month just missing an index on a new SELECT query I added to my worker if I left it to run like that. After the index? Under 200$ a month outside free/included usage. That really is a simple way to bankrupt yourself if you aren't paying attention
AHi! I need to have a counter that will increment by client requests and it can happen that multiple clients try to increment the same attribute at the same time. Can I use D1 or should I stick with DO? Thanks!
ID1 is strongly consistent so yes, it will work.
IJust make sure to increment in the same SQL query as the fetch (like
UPDATE foo SET counter = counter + 1) rather than fetching and then adding 1 in your code.IIn the future there will be read replica support, but it should still theoretically work since all writes will be propagated back to the master which has the latest writes.
JDefinitely use bindings as suggested. Manually inserting values like this can lead to SQL Injection Attacks.
AHey! If I create a db with d1, can I access the database from pgAdmin4 on my laptop to read and write data?
IUnfortunately not unless they specifically say they support D1 which it doesn't look like they do.
ID1 has it's own API because SQLite doesn't have a standardized version, so they'd need to explicitely support D1.
AThanks for the answer
Ghas anyone used this?
https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yawarjamal.cf-d1&ssr=false#overview
https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yawarjamal.cf-d1&ssr=false#overview
Extension for Visual Studio Code - Explore and query Cloudflare D1 databases
JNo, but I'd recommend you use D1 Console by our very own Isaac McFadyen
https://github.com/isaac-mcfadyen/d1-console
https://github.com/isaac-mcfadyen/d1-console
GitHub
A full query console for Cloudflare's D1 database product. - GitHub - isaac-mcfadyen/d1-console: A full query console for Cloudflare's D1 database product.
SCan you only drop one table at a time against D1?
I have tried chaining like
npx wrangler --env dev d1 execute workers-db --command="DROP TABLE account"I have tried chaining like
account, user, comment but it responds withnear "comment": syntax error at offset 19 [code: 7500]
AIs there any way to bind d1 databases to a script dynamically without workers for platforms?
AAlso, is an eventually consistent mode planned for d1?
GHowdy, any way to automatically update the updatedAt timestamp when the row gets updated? Copilot says to use triggers but I'm not sure if D1 supports triggers.
MD1 supports triggers.
CFor D1 with pages, you can do pretty much all the same dev locally as workers but use remote dev because pages doesn't support that. I use the standard wrangler file in my pages project for interacting with bindings. Just have to remember to use the dashboard to apply bindings
CNo, they are two separate databases. You have two run migrations in both
COnce with the
--local flag and once without
SIs the only current way to access a d1 database outside of workers to use a proxy like this - https://github.com/elithrar/http-api-d1-example ?
GitHub
An example HTTP API for Cloudflare's D1 database: https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/
- GitHub - elithrar/http-api-d1-example: An example HTTP API for Cloudflare's D1 database: ht...
