Image Transformations Maximum Sizes

At https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/transform-images/#format-limitations I can see there are limitations to what can be done with Image Resizing, specifically 12k pixels wide or high and 100M total pixels. However, it's a little unclear if this refers to the the original image or the thumbnail being created and when I experiment I seem to be able to resize images more than 12k pixels tall without an issue.

Additonally, at https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/reference/troubleshooting/#limits I can only see the 100M limit, not the one about the dimensions.

Does anyone have a more in-depth understanding of how I should be thinking of these limits please?
Cloudflare Docs
Does the response have a Cf-Resized header? If not, then resizing has not been attempted. Possible causes:
Cloudflare Docs
Transformations let you optimize and manipulate images stored outside of the Cloudflare Images product. Transformed images are served from one of your zones on Cloudflare.
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