According to docs: > D1 is designed for horizontal scale out across multiple, smaller (10 GB) databa

According to docs:

D1 is designed for horizontal scale out across multiple, smaller (10 GB) databases, such as per-user, per-tenant or per-entity databases.

But I don't really see a way to dynamically bind to a D1 from a worker? How are per-user, per-tenant, or per-entity use cases actually covered? Any examples?

Mmasimo According to docs: > D1 is designed for horizontal scale out across multiple, sm...

Isaac McFadyen•3/21/25, 9:26 PM

There is no way to dynamically bind D1 databases yet, but it's coming in the future at some point.

masimoOP•3/21/25, 9:35 PM

I see, thank you. So if I understand, the per-user, per-tenant, or per-entity database use cases are covered by manually updating bindings to a worker and redeploying the worker?

masimoOP•3/21/25, 9:40 PM

Looks like https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/platform/limits/ says max bindings is approximately 5,000. So there is that constraint as well on the "per-user, per-tenant or per-entity database" use case..

Mmasimo Looks like https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/platform/limits/ says max bindin...

Isaac McFadyen•3/21/25, 9:41 PM

Correct on both accounts, yeah. Hopefully in the future there will be a workaround/solution for these limitations but none at the moment.

masimoOP•3/21/25, 9:41 PM

Roger roger, thanks - will keep an eye on how that develops

laury•3/21/25, 9:56 PM

wanting to modify a table of a d1 database using migrations, i added a second SQL file with the alter script. when I apply the migrations by 'wrangler migration apply' It re-apply the first SQL file as well (with the creation script) and obviously i get an errore. how to manage the db changes in a viable and repeatible way

Mmasimo Roger roger, thanks - will keep an eye on how that develops

ajgeiss0702•3/21/25, 9:57 PM

cloudflare has said in the past that dynamic bindings for things like D1 are a goal, but theyve been saying that for a while.

A current solution could be to use Durable Objects' SQL storage API, but note that it has different limits and pricing than D1, and might have different features.
DO's SQL Storage could let you have a seperate object (and hence database) for each user. As a bonus, the DO would be created close to the first request, so each users' database could be located physically closer to the user.

Also note that Cloudflare Developer Week is coming up (first week of april) and they might announce relevant things during that. Don't count on it though.

Llaury wanting to modify a table of a d1 database using migrations, i added a second SQ...

ajgeiss0702•3/21/25, 10:06 PM

I personally don't have any experience with D1's migrations system, but make sure that the migration version numbers are sequential

Aajgeiss0702 I personally don't have any experience with D1's migrations system, but make sur...

laury•3/22/25, 9:55 AM

Yes are sequential but Wrangler seems apply all scripts everytime. It Seems doesn't keep any state about migration

Kalu•3/24/25, 5:01 PM

I have an sqlite database of statistics that I update locally. I'd like to create a site to display certain statistics. Do you think it's usable? D1, is there a way to replace the sqlite file a la voler or do I have to code a warper and run it in a DO? (my data base is around 300MB)

KKalu I have an sqlite database of statistics that I update locally. I'd like to creat...

lambrospetrou•3/24/25, 6:39 PM

I don't know what "a la voler" means, but you can export your local database and import it into a D1 database. Depending on the length of each row statement and the overall query load you might need to split the import into smaller chunks, but doable.

laury•3/24/25, 10:17 PM

Anyone can use D1-STUDIO on windows sucessfully? (https://d1-studio.com)

npm install -g d1-studio
npx d1s

I got this error:

Error in tables-route: Command failed: wrangler d1 execute authdb --local --command="
SELECT name FROM sqlitemaster
WHERE type='table'
AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite%'
AND name NOT LIKE 'cf%'
ORDER BY name;
"
X [ERROR] Error: must provide --command or --file.

Node 22.14.00

d1-studio

The first native studio for D1 databases

Visal .In•3/25/25, 4:23 AM

Alternatively, you can use

npx @outerbase/studio

npx @outerbase/studio

inside your cloudflare project to view D1 database

niconiahi•3/25/25, 7:38 PM

will there ever be support for transactions? otherwise, what's the official recommendation from Cloudflare to prevent data inconsistencies introduced by an error that could happen at some point between the start of the inserts and the last insertion?

VVisal .In Alternatively, you can use ``` npx @outerbase/studio ``` inside your cloudflare ...

laury•3/25/25, 8:44 PM

Just

npx @outerbase/studio

npx @outerbase/studio

and It works perfectly for the local SQLite in the Wrangler project.

I've also tried:

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-local.json"

{
  "driver": "sqlite",
  "connection": {
    "file": ".wrangler/state/v3/d1/miniflare-D1DatabaseObject/15c63002ced39d198237431f852a8e7204274c5a10e9861150529b8b00db0f6c.sqlite"
  },
  "port": 4000
}

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-local.json"

{
  "driver": "sqlite",
  "connection": {
    "file": ".wrangler/state/v3/d1/miniflare-D1DatabaseObject/15c63002ced39d198237431f852a8e7204274c5a10e9861150529b8b00db0f6c.sqlite"
  },
  "port": 4000
}

And works as well.
What about a remote d1?
I've tried something likes this below, but i don't know what Is the driver's name and if the driver is includend into the

@outerbase/studio

@outerbase/studio

package

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-remote.json"
{
  "driver": "cloudflare-d1",
  "connection": {
    "accountId": "your-account-id",
    "apiToken": "your-api-token",
    "databaseId": "your-database-id"
  },
  "port": 4000
}

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-remote.json"
{
  "driver": "cloudflare-d1",
  "connection": {
    "accountId": "your-account-id",
    "apiToken": "your-api-token",
    "databaseId": "your-database-id"
  },
  "port": 4000
}

We couldn't find the right driver for this database

Nniconiahi will there ever be support for transactions? otherwise, what's the official reco...

i40west•3/25/25, 8:47 PM

Batches are transactions. https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/worker-api/d1-database/#batch

divineflu•3/25/25, 8:54 PM

question: why does the hard limit of 10gb exist for d1 ?
even if its database per user, the bindings doesnt really allow us to properly manage more than one db. ( as far as i read ). even then its still limited to 50k db's
will it ever change ?

i feel like a good database solution is the only thing that cloudflare lacks in its serverless offering.

Llaury Just `npx @outerbase/studio` and It works perfectly for the local SQLite in the ...

Visal .In•3/25/25, 11:45 PM

Currently, the cli does not support remote D1 yet, I will work on it, but at the meantimes, our web interface support it, https://studio.outerbase.com/local/new-base/cloudflare-d1

Tait•3/25/25, 11:48 PM

How do people shard data across multiple D1 databases? This seems hard to pull off with wrangler + workers. Is there any sample code showing a solution like this?

Ddivineflu question: why does the hard limit of 10gb exist for d1 ? even if its database p...

Visal .In•3/25/25, 11:49 PM

You can also try Durable Object SQLite storage. According to docs, you can create unlimited database, but each database is still limited to 1GB.

TTait How do people shard data across multiple D1 databases? This seems hard to pull o...

Visal .In•3/26/25, 12:15 AM

What is your current approach so far? Are you hitting the limit?

Visal .In•3/26/25, 12:21 AM

From what I understand, sharding with D1 has to be handled at the application level—meaning you're responsible for deciding how to split and route data across multiple databases. Once you go that route, you lose some of the convenience of a single, unified database. It impacts how you query, sort, update, and manage data overall. There is no general approach at the moment. The solution is vary from your use-case. Maybe if you share us more detail about your problem, maybe some of our members here could provide some solutions.

Tait•3/26/25, 12:48 AM

I could handle that at the application layer for a fixed number of databases but you end up predefining a fixed set of databases in a wrangler config file and then accessing them in your workers. Feels strange and hard to scale. Is there a better way?

Right now, I have everything in one DB. I'd probably shard by customer account for simplicity and replicate schemas across instances. I could of course split my data in other ways but this feels the most flexible at the moment.

TTait I could handle that at the application layer for a fixed number of databases but...

1984 Ford Laser•3/26/25, 3:30 AM

Right now Durable Objects with SQLite with the way to scale in this way, but dynamic D1 bindings are in the pipeline somewhere, coming :soontm:

Aajgeiss0702 cloudflare has said in the past that dynamic bindings for things like D1 are a g...

Jake•3/26/25, 9:33 AM

Do you have a link for info on developer week? I can’t find anything about it.

TTait I could handle that at the application layer for a fixed number of databases but...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 10:59 AM

You can patch the Worker config through the REST API when you create a new database instead of having to put them manually in wrangler. It's a pain though since you need a bit of custom code on your side to do that. If you really want to handle thousands of databases, I would say that Durable Objects SQLite are much more suitable at the moment. The 1GB limit it only until it goes GA, soon.

Ddivineflu question: why does the hard limit of 10gb exist for d1 ? even if its database p...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 11:03 AM

D1 databases are based on SQLite Durable Objects. If a Durable Object SQLite database could grow to 1TB then cold starts would be prohibitively slow. We could do lazy loading and all that jazz, but then you lose the super fast performance of local SQLite queries. 1-10GB is a good-enough size to enable many use-cases and OK cold starts.

Tait•3/26/25, 11:03 AM

I'm thinking about living with my single 10G DB and hoping something changes with the cloudflare offering in the next 6 months. Either dynamic binding to databases in wrangler / workers or a larger single DB limit. If Durable Objects + SQLite were the future of scaling SQLite in the cloudflare stack I could start experimenting with that now but without an knowing that's the case I'd probably sit on my hands.

TTait I'm thinking about living with my single 10G DB and hoping something changes wit...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 11:04 AM

Individual DBs will not grow larger anytime soon, at least not any plans currently.

Llambrospetrou D1 databases are based on SQLite Durable Objects. If a Durable Object SQLite dat...

Tait•3/26/25, 11:07 AM

Thanks for the perspective on that! I can live with a 10GB database for the near term. I'll just need to figure out a plan to shard data should my application be successful and grow (or move to a new provider). I'm sure I'm not the only one. The more developer content that gets produced about scaling D1 or Durable Objects + SQLite the more retention you guys will drive. If I missed something LMK.

TTait Thanks for the perspective on that! I can live with a 10GB database for the ne...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 11:10 AM

Durable Objects can scale to great extend, as long as you design for sharding from the get go. It takes a bit of a mindshift since all traditional tutorials and online content is focused on big monolithic databases. Depending on the application doing sharding could be easier or harder, so it really depends how far you want to go.
The blog posts in this section https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/what-are-durable-objects/#durable-objects-in-cloudflare describe how we use DOs in several products, so that you get some idea of how to think with them.

At the end of the day, if you don't want or cannot think in terms of sharding, Hyperdrive is an awesome approach too, so just use that with your traditional database provider. Different tradeoffs in each approach.

Tait•3/26/25, 11:16 AM

I was planning on just sharding by customer account. For my application, I'd be shocked if customers get more than 1G of data. That's just an easy starting place. ALL DB instances look the same.

For hyperdrive, my stack right now is hono + drizzeORM + cloudflare workers with D1 and R2. I'd have to look at how to work. hyperdrive into it and how much of a rewrite that owuld be.

o7•3/26/25, 11:20 AM

Will D1 Dynamic Bindings essentially be a wrapper around SQLite for DO? Or will it have extra bells and whistles like tooling with the same performance as SQLite for DOs, or same as current performance. (performance as in latencies)

VVisal .In You can also try Durable Object SQLite storage. According to docs, you can creat...

divineflu•3/26/25, 11:30 AM

thanks. this is useful info

Llambrospetrou D1 databases are based on SQLite Durable Objects. If a Durable Object SQLite dat...

divineflu•3/26/25, 11:32 AM

going to deploy a single db on d1 for now
if it gets out of hand, i guess turso is the next stop

Oo7 Will D1 Dynamic Bindings essentially be a wrapper around SQLite for DO? Or will ...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 11:47 AM

The SQL query performance itself is identical between D1 and SQLite DOs. The only difference is that D1 is in a different location from your Worker code location so doing multiple D1 roundtrips can be costly depending on those locations. With DOs you could colocate code inside the DO and then you always have fast access. If you are calling your DO from a different worker for each query then performance is again identical between the two products.

D1 REST API is completely separately flow, and should not be used in hot paths of your application on Workers.

Llambrospetrou The SQL query performance itself is identical between D1 and SQLite DOs. The onl...

o7•3/26/25, 12:02 PM

Thank you. Best performance will always come directly from a Durable Object with the SQL backed storage - I'm still pondering on building around it.

The only thing left to wonder is what kind of management tooling D1 dynamic bindings will have? (bulk DB deletion, reading/modifying multiple DBs, listing DBs?)

Oo7 Thank you. Best performance will always come directly from a Durable Object with...

lambrospetrou•3/26/25, 12:31 PM

I wouldn't design my architecture based on future features. Maybe Dynamic Bindings come with those niceties you mention, and maybe they come to DOs as well, or maybe it's going to be very different.
If you want to ship your app now, I suggest thinking with the existing tradeoffs.

Llambrospetrou I wouldn't design my architecture based on future features. Maybe Dynamic Bindin...

o7•3/26/25, 12:32 PM

I guess i can always migrate. Thanks again!

JJake Do you have a link for info on developer week? I can’t find anything about it.

ajgeiss0702•3/26/25, 4:04 PM

https://www.cloudflare.com/developer-week/
it still has last years' articles up, they usually update it to the current year a few days before it starts iirc

Developer Week 2024 | Cloudflare

Cloudflare Developer Week April 1-5, our week-long series of new product announcements and events dedicated to enhancing the developer experience to fuel productivity!

crossbeau•3/26/25, 11:21 PM

Is there a cost different on sqllite in do vs using d1 and any other limiting factors?

crossbeau•3/26/25, 11:23 PM

Im working on building a discord bot, with d1 as a backend, but considering speed is important with an interactive bot kind of tempted to switch. Especially as all commands come from minimally changing Data centers

Ccrossbeau Is there a cost different on sqllite in do vs using d1 and any other limiting fa...

Isaac McFadyen•3/27/25, 12:24 AM

SQLite in DO is limited to 1GB per instantiated DO at the moment.

Isaac McFadyen•3/27/25, 12:25 AM

That limit should increase to 10GB (same as D1) once it's out of beta, though.

Ccrossbeau Im working on building a discord bot, with d1 as a backend, but considering spee...

James•3/27/25, 4:15 AM

You pay wall time on DO. And expensive computations in sql will cost you cpu time plus R/W in DO. The upside is you can do fancy stored procedure type app logic on the same thread as your DB with DO.

Florencia•3/27/25, 12:08 PM

@Isaac McFadyen

Ccrossbeau Is there a cost different on sqllite in do vs using d1 and any other limiting fa...

John Spurlock•3/27/25, 3:19 PM

you've probably already considered this, but on the cost side: after you've burned through the free tier, D1 storage is also 3.75x more expensive than SQLite in DO

Sébastien Morel•3/27/25, 5:48 PM

hello, is there something going on ?

Screenshot_2025-03-27_at_10.48.06_AM.png

SSébastien Morel hello, is there something going on ?

lambrospetrou•3/27/25, 7:32 PM

There isn't anything service wide. What queries are you doing? That seems like a scan to me. You already have weird spikes before for queries taking 500ms.

Sébastien Morel•3/27/25, 9:11 PM

hey @lambrospetrou thx for this, I am investigating, it went down already but that's odd it's like 4.5 sec !

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-local.json" { "driver": "sqlite", "connection": { "file": ".wrangler/state/v3/d1/miniflare-D1DatabaseObject/15c63002ced39d198237431f852a8e7204274c5a10e9861150529b8b00db0f6c.sqlite" }, "port": 4000 }

npx @outerbase/studio --config="$pwd\d1-outerbase.config-remote.json" { "driver": "cloudflare-d1", "connection": { "accountId": "your-account-id", "apiToken": "your-api-token", "databaseId": "your-database-id" }, "port": 4000 }

According to docs: > D1 is designed for horizontal scale out across multiple, smaller (10 GB) databa

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