Hi folks! We are looking to use D1 for a multi tenant application. We are looking to ways to keep d1

Hi folks! We are looking to use D1 for a multi tenant application. We are looking to ways to keep d1 databases isolated at a tenant level. Right now the only limitation I see is that bindings are static, is there any way to dynamically bind to my d1 instances? Or any other recommendation on how to achieve this?

MMarcel Overdijk Is it worth a feature request? (like the Drizzle example)

Isaac McFadyen•3/31/25, 8:30 PM

Probably not, D1 is SQLite and SQLite doesn't perform any inspection of the query itself because it's intended as a raw SQL executor. Adding this behavior would require adding non-standard parsing in front of SQLite.

Original message was deleted

xeon06•4/1/25, 1:36 AM

It's what all these BI tools let you do

gruntlord6•4/1/25, 2:42 AM

Is there a place I can accuratly see how many reads/writes I have done in a billing period? The billing section says I have done 0 which is very much not true, although if you want to leave it that way for calculating billing I'm ok with it

Xxeon06 It's what all these BI tools let you do

sathoro•4/1/25, 3:45 AM

no, they don't. they generate SQL from sanitized user input, they don't use raw input as the query

Vlady•4/1/25, 3:42 PM

Hey folks, what is D1's current limit for requests per second for paid accounts? I found this response but not sure if it applies. d1-database

Vlady•4/1/25, 3:44 PM

I'm working on a ticket service with high surge potential and I need to let my customers know.

VVlady Hey folks, what is D1's current limit for requests per second for paid accounts?...

Isaac McFadyen•4/1/25, 3:45 PM

That applies, yup.

Isaac McFadyen•4/1/25, 3:45 PM

If you need more performance/capacity you'll need to shard across multiple DBs.

mr.niko.la•4/2/25, 3:16 PM

is there a recommenday way to get better ux on the d1. new to cf and sqlite. the webgui is very basic. is there any recomendation?

do i just get local replicate and even then what is a good viewer for the db

Mmr.niko.la is there a recommenday way to get better ux on the d1. new to cf and sqlite. t...

lambrospetrou•4/2/25, 3:22 PM

You can use https://www.outerbase.com/blog/now-supporting-cloudflare-d1/ although I haven't personally tested it, but saw happy users before.

Llambrospetrou You can use https://www.outerbase.com/blog/now-supporting-cloudflare-d1/ althoug...

mr.niko.la•4/2/25, 3:40 PM

not bad was very easy to setup and much better ux. should be ok for now thx.

Silvan•4/2/25, 3:59 PM

am i the only one that just sqlite3s the db file inside .wrangler?

beelzabub•4/2/25, 4:57 PM

The docs say this:

Each D1 database can store up to 10 GB of data, and you can create up to thousands of separate D1 databases. This allows you to split a single monolithic database into multiple, smaller databases, thereby isolating application data by user, customer, or tenant

But AFAICT this guidance is purely theoretical as there's no way to actually do the sharding?

beelzabub•4/2/25, 4:58 PM

Is there something obvious I'm missing?

beelzabub•4/2/25, 4:59 PM

Like I can shard into a fixed pool of databases but certainly not per customer / tenant. And the number of bindings to manage grows quite severely with a larger number of shards.

Kavatch•4/2/25, 4:59 PM

wth is happening here?
Why is D1 unable to fulfill standard queries?

Explanation: I got a Unix timestamp and convert it via the

DATETIME

DATETIME

SQL function to a datetime. When I then try to search that in the database it returns invalid rows which should never match as the date is to far back.

And time created_at column is of the type

timestamp

timestamp

KKavatch 😭 wth is happening here? Why is D1 unable to fulfill standard queries? Expla...

beelzabub•4/2/25, 5:00 PM

Try datetime(crated_at, 'unixepoch') < datetime(<value>, 'unixepoch')?

Bbeelzabub Like I can shard into a fixed pool of databases but certainly not per customer /...

Hard@Work•4/2/25, 5:00 PM

IIRC the current recommendation is to use SQLiteDOs

Hard@Work•4/2/25, 5:00 PM

Don't know whether that's the "official" thing or not

HHard@Work IIRC the current *recommendation* is to use SQLiteDOs

beelzabub•4/2/25, 5:01 PM

Do SQLite DOs have the migration utilities that D1 does?

Bbeelzabub Try datetime(crated_at, 'unixepoch') < datetime(<value>, 'unixepoch')?

Kavatch•4/2/25, 5:03 PM

That results in no data being returned at all

SELECT * FROM crowd_levels WHERE DATETIME(created_at, 'unixepoch') < DATETIME(1743526055, 'unixepoch') ORDER BY created_at ASC LIMIT 3
This query returned no data.

SELECT * FROM crowd_levels WHERE DATETIME(created_at, 'unixepoch') < DATETIME(1743526055, 'unixepoch') ORDER BY created_at ASC LIMIT 3
This query returned no data.

I found out this bug only happens if I have the order by included in the query. If I leave it out the filtering works as I expect it too

KKavatch That results in no data being returned at all ``` SELECT * FROM crowd_levels WHE...

beelzabub•4/2/25, 5:04 PM

I'm pretty sure datetime converts into a string and you're trying to compare a number in the string in the first place and lexicographical strings in the second. Bad advice on my part - just omit the datetime altogether

beelzabub•4/2/25, 5:06 PM

You actually want unixepoch(created_at) < 1743526055

beelzabub•4/2/25, 5:06 PM

You should try out your queries in normal sqlite - I would be very surprised if the results differ from what cloudflare returns

Bbeelzabub Do SQLite DOs have the migration utilities that D1 does?

Hard@Work•4/2/25, 5:06 PM

Like, via the CLI?

Hard@Work•4/2/25, 5:06 PM

If that's the question, then no

Bbeelzabub You should try out your queries in normal sqlite - I would be very surprised if ...

Kavatch•4/2/25, 5:06 PM

Never mind its all my fault

Hard@Work•4/2/25, 5:07 PM

If you use an ORM, there is some tooling to make it a bit smoother

Kavatch•4/2/25, 5:07 PM

it should have been

Kavatch•4/2/25, 5:07 PM

Sveinn•4/2/25, 9:57 PM

Hey, wondering if anyone here has any tips or experience with this. Cloudflare charged my credit card a huge amount and I haven’t gotten a proper explanation from them, even after reaching out to support multiple times over the past two months. All I’ve gotten are generic “we’re looking into it” replies.

It’s gotten to the point where I can’t afford to pay the credit card bill, and it’s messing with rent and other important stuff. Has anyone had luck actually getting a real response from Cloudflare support? Or escalated it somehow?

And has anyone ever done a chargeback with Cloudflare? I’m seriously considering it because I don’t know what else to do.

ac•4/3/25, 12:29 AM

I have this same question (d1-database). Are dynamic bindings coming anytime soon, or has anyone found a usable pattern within Cloudflare to dynamically select a database at runtime?

Aac I have this same question (https://discord.com/channels/595317990191398933/99206...

Brayden•4/3/25, 12:34 AM

You can achieve dynamic SQLite databases with durable objects if that works for your use case, but dynamic bindings aren't avaialble afaik

Aac I have this same question (https://discord.com/channels/595317990191398933/99206...

kooliebwoykg•4/3/25, 1:50 AM

Cloudflare API to create the database and a D1 worker as an API with the binding. Then drizzle proxy to the api. Once setup, it works and I get to keep D1 batteries included and continue to use drizzle as well. Not pretty but it works.

Aac I have this same question (https://discord.com/channels/595317990191398933/99206...

lambrospetrou•4/3/25, 9:05 AM

If you need to shard across tens thousands (or more) databases, please use SQLite DOs. Even if D1 ships dynamic bindings, it's not happening in just a few weeks. Use DOs that provide that scalability already.
The underlying SQLite features are identical.

Llambrospetrou If you need to shard across tens thousands (or more) databases, please use SQLit...

Silvan•4/3/25, 10:58 AM

is there a good example of this? at the end of the day you still need to bind the DO or am i forgetting something? running wrangler d1 create dosent seem like the issue to me personally

SSilvan is there a good example of this? at the end of the day you still need to bind th...

lambrospetrou•4/3/25, 11:21 AM

You only bind the DO namespace once, and create millions of Durable Object instances. With D1, you need to create each one individually and add it in your wrangler config and redeploy.

Silvan•4/3/25, 11:31 AM

well yea with the downside of needing to run migrations on every Do invocation because you cant know if its a new do/db right? at least thats what i did with my DO better-auth example

SSilvan well yea with the downside of needing to run migrations on every Do invocation b...

lambrospetrou•4/3/25, 11:45 AM

You do know if you check the storage and keep in memory while your DO is alive. Not sure why you would run your migrations all the time. All SQL schema tools/libraries record what migrations they already ran and don't do anything if there is nothing new.

Silvan•4/3/25, 11:53 AM

https://github.com/Sillyvan/better-auth-do-example/blob/main/src/server.ts

id still assume something like this brings a bit of overhead? but its not too big of a deal of course!

GitHub

better-auth-do-example/src/server.ts at main · Sillyvan/better-aut...

Contribute to Sillyvan/better-auth-do-example development by creating an account on GitHub.

Llambrospetrou If you need to shard across tens thousands (or more) databases, please use SQLit...

ac•4/3/25, 2:42 PM

I appreciate the response! Does this mean that for the tenant DBs we would have different DOs for each one, but we would only have to use one binding somehow?

ac•4/3/25, 2:42 PM

Forgive me if it's a dumb question, I haven't really used DOs but we have used D1 extensively

Aac I appreciate the response! Does this mean that for the tenant DBs we would have ...

Brayden•4/3/25, 3:42 PM

You could do something like the following for example where you have one Durable Object class in your wrangler binding (e.g. MY_DURABLE_OBJECT) but when you do the

idFromName

idFromName

you can pass something specific to the tenant you want. Each unique

id

id

creates its own isolated DO with its own SQLite storage.

let id = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.idFromName('user_1');
let stub = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.get(id);
return stub.fetch(request);

let id = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.idFromName('user_1');
let stub = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.get(id);
return stub.fetch(request);

So above I could change

user_1

user_1

to be any of my users and I'd be routed to their specific DO instance.

BBrayden You could do something like the following for example where you have one Durable...

ac•4/3/25, 4:03 PM

That's helpful, thank you!!

Aac That's helpful, thank you!!

lambrospetrou•4/3/25, 5:01 PM

Take a look into https://developers.cloudflare.com/reference-architecture/diagrams/storage/durable-object-control-data-plane-pattern/ as well.

Cloudflare Docs

Control and data plane architectural pattern for Durable Objects ·...

Durable Objects are built on-top of Cloudflare Workers spanning several locations across our global infrastructure network.
Each Durable Object instance has its own durable storage persisted across requests, in-memory state, single-threaded execution, and can be placed in a specific region.

coinnp•4/4/25, 7:46 AM

Why I'm getting database disk image is malformed: SQLITE_CORRUPT [code: 7500]

Ccoinnp Why I'm getting database disk image is malformed: SQLITE_CORRUPT [code: 7500]

Acе•4/4/25, 10:58 AM

Because the database disk image is malformed

jakepez•4/4/25, 5:44 PM

Hi all - Does a D1 batch() count as a single (1) sub-request against the Workers limit or are the individual transactions in the batch counted against the subrequest limit?

Original message was deleted

jakepez•4/4/25, 5:57 PM

Thank you!

Hi folks! We are looking to use D1 for a multi tenant application. We are looking to ways to keep d1

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